Farbenindustrie AG, var en tysk kemi- och läkemedelskoncern.IG Farben med huvudkontor i Frankfurt am Main blev världens största kemikoncern efter bildandet 1925. [64], In the Western occupation zone, the idea of destroying the company was abandoned as the policy of denazification evolved,[10] in part because of a need for industry to support reconstruction, and in part because of the company's entanglement with American companies, notably the successors of Standard Oil. Most of the experiments were conducted in Birkenau in Block 20, the women's camp hospital. [1] BASF was the nominal survivor; all shares were exchanged for BASF shares. Die Degesch war zwar eine Verkaufsagentur, besaß aber das Patent zur Herstellung von Zyklon B. Anteilseigner der Degesch waren die I.G. [86], On 10 November 2003 its liquidators filed for insolvency,[87] but this did not affect the existence of the company as a legal entity. Instead, Hoechst and Cassella made an alliance based on mutual equity stakes in 1904. 52", 2 July 1945, which allowed the US to disperse "ownership and control of such of the plants and equipment seized under this order as have not been transferred or destroyed". I — Indicted   G — Indicted and found guilty. While it did not join a national compensation fund set up in 2001 to pay the victims, it contributed 500,000 DM (£160,000 or €255,646) towards a foundation for former captive labourers under the Nazi regime. [25][page needed], Hoechst and several pharmaceutical firms refused to join. [62], The Americans seized the company's property under "General Order No. The successor companies remain some of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical companies. Weiler Ter Meer (1.9 percent). Otto Bayer discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethane in 1937. IG Farben is the company said to be supporting German terror activities and research of uranium ores in Brazil after World War II in, IG Farben is the name of the arms dealer played by, The company also plays a prominent role in, IG Farben is the German consortium that buys Du Pont in the. They wanted to expand their plants and work on a synthetic gasoline program. [69] All were cleared of the first count of waging war. [18], At the beginning of the 20th century, the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes. Verfassungen der Welt. [64] On 30 November 1945 Allied Control Council Law No. The indictment was filed on May 3, 1947; the trial lasted from August 27, 1947, until July 30, 1948. "Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 450, April 1949). "'Straight to Hell' Bypasses Substance,", "Records of the United States Nuernberg War Crimes Trials, United States of America v Carl Krauch et al. IG's 42.5 percent of the stock in Degesch translated into three seats on its Administrative Committee, occupied by members of Farben's own, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939", United Nations War Crimes Commission 1949, "IG Farben-Haus, Geschichte und Gegenwart", "Joseph Borkin, Antitrust Lawyer, Author Dies", "I.G. Held from 1947 to 1948 as one of the subsequent Nuremberg trials, the IG Farben trial saw 23 IG Farben directors tried for war crimes and 13 convicted. [21], With the world market for synthetic dyes and other chemical products dominated by the German industry, German firms competed vigorously for market shares. This same cyanide gas along with Zyklon B and malathion was used to exterminate millions of Jews and other groups. Zyklon-B IG Farben Degesch Connecting Zyklon-B and RU-486 According to the New York Times , research for RU-486 began under the supervision of French researcher Etienne-Emile Baulieu in conjunction with Groupe Roussel Uclaf, the French drug company for which he was a consultant. [45], For one experiment, which tested an anaesthetic, Bayer had 150 women sent from Auschwitz to its own facility. "IG Farben-Haus, Geschichte und Gegenwart" (in German). [16] By 1951 all had been released by the American high commissioner for Germany, John J. IG Farben was also the company that developed the Zyklon B gas that was used in Nazi death camps to kill Jews and other “undesirables.” Furthermore, IG Farben relied on concentration camp slave labor throughout World War II and the Holocaust. The charges consequently centered on preparing to wage an aggressive war, but also on slave labor and plundering. The company, in turn, blamed ongoing legal disputes with the former captive labourers for its inability to be legally dissolved and have the remaining assets distributed as reparations. Farben Chemical Company employed a Polish salesman who sold cyanide to the Nazis for use in Auschwitz.The same salesman also worked as a chemist in the manufacture of the poison gas. El pesticida Zyklon B, del cual IG Farben tenía la patente, fue manufacturado por Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), de la cual IG Farben poseía el 42,2 % en acciones. In 1978 Joseph Borkin, who investigated the company as a United States Justice Department lawyer, quoted an American report: "Without I.G. When the workers became too weak from starvation or illness to work for the cartel, they were gassed in the camp by a prized IG Farben product called Zyklon-B. They produced everything from pharmaceuticals to manufacturing chemicals to explosives. McCloy. [54], Other IG Farben staff appear to have known. In World War II, an IG Farben subsidiary, Degesch, manufactured Zyklon B, the poison gas used at the extermination camps (the other supplier of the gas was the firm Tesch/Stabenow). [14] IG Farben executives did visit Auschwitz but not Auschwitz II-Birkenau, where the gas chambers were located. This prompted Duisberg and Heinrich von Brunck, chairman of BASF, to accelerate their negotiations. IG, lit. The IG Farben Trial was the second of three trials of leading industrialists of Nazi Germany for their conduct during the Nazi regime. [12][44] Two years earlier, another part of Hoechst was sold in 1997 to the chemical spin-off of Sandoz, the Muttenz (Switzerland) based Clariant. Head of pharmaceutical sales for the Bayer. Työntekijät tehtaalle saatiin viereisen Monowitzin leirin vangeista. Far-right newspapers of the 1920s and early 1930s accused it of being an "international capitalist Jewish company". One product crucial to the operations of the Wehrmacht was synthetic fuel, made from lignite using the coal liquefaction process. Farbenindustrie AG in Liquidation).[66]. www.verfassungen.de. [24] In 1904, after returning to Germany, he proposed a nationwide merger of the producers of dye and pharmaceuticals in a memorandum to Gustav von Brüning, the senior manager at Hoechst. L'insetticida Zyklon B, del quale la IG Farben deteneva il brevetto, e che veniva usato nelle camere a gas per gli omicidi di massa, era fabbricato dalla Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), una società posseduta al 42,2% dalla IG Farben e che aveva manager della IG Farben nel suo consiglio di amministrazione. [10] When World War II began, it was the fourth largest corporation in the world and the largest in Europe. [27], Within the Dreibund, Bayer and BASF concentrated on dye, while Agfa increasingly concentrated on photographic film. Nobody could live in Auschwitz and work in the plant, or even come down to the plant, without knowing what was common knowledge to everybody. [17] What remained of IG Farben in the West was split in 1951 into its six constituent companies, then again into three: BASF, Bayer and Hoechst. Farbenindustrie A.G. und die Gründung der Nachfolgegesellschaften", List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IG_Farben&oldid=992193724, Conglomerate companies disestablished in 1951, Conglomerate companies established in 1925, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2018, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2020, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Percentage of production ordered by Auschwitz, Joined supervisory board of the Bunawerke Hüls GmbH, Supervisory board member, manager of IG Farben Auschwitz, Supervisory board member, head of fuel sector at IG Farben Auschwitz, Board member for Deutsche Gasolin AG, Feldmühle, and Papier- und Zellstoffwerke AG; consultant and board member for Ruhrchemie AG Oberhausen, President, Deutsch-Ibero-Amerikanische Gesellschaft, Chair of the board of a chemistry firm in, Board member, head of IG Farben's Upper Rhine Business Group, IG Farben board chair and led the reestablishment of. "[42], By 1943 IG Farben was manufacturing products worth three billion marks in 334 facilities in occupied Europe; almost half its workforce of 330,000 men and women consisted of slave labour or conscripts, including 30,000 Auschwitz prisoners. [29] The designation was used as the title of an East German film, The Council of the Gods (1950). In October 1904 an Interessen-Gemeinschaft between Bayer, BASF and Agfa was formed, also known as the Dreibund or little IG. [56] Dürrfeld, a friend of Höss, denied knowing about it.[57]. What is interesting is that ‘popular’ books and media for 70 years stated “Six Million European Jews were killed”. [2], Willing cooperation with the slave labor utilization of the Third Reich was a matter of corporate policy that permeated the whole Farben organization... For this reason, criminal responsibility goes beyond the actual immediate participants at Auschwitz. The product is notorious for its use by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust to murder approximately 1.1 million people in gas chambers installed at … [72] Those who served prison sentences included: Agfa, BASF and Bayer remained in business; Hoechst spun off its chemical business in 1999 as Celanese AG before merging with Rhône-Poulenc to form Aventis, which later merged with Sanofi-Synthélabo to form Sanofi. At Auschwitz they were led by Bayer employee Helmuth Vetter, an Auschwitz camp physician and SS captain, and Auschwitz physicians Friedrich Entress and Eduard Wirths. Now IG Farben … Farbenindustrie and the Control Thereof", formalized the seizure for "knowingly and prominently ... building up and maintaining German war potential". Altogether its annual net profit was around RM 0.5 billion (equivalent to 2 billion 2017 euros). The twelve trials were all held before U.S. military courts, not before the International Military Tribunal, but took place in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice. Only in the case of Auschwitz, where IG Farben had constructed a plant next to the concentration camp with the clear intent to use inmates as slave workers, did the tribunal consider the evidence sufficient to prove that IG Farben acted on its own initiative. [31], IG Farben was controversial on both the far left and far right, partly for the same reasons, related to the size and international nature of the conglomerate and the Jewish background of several of its key leaders and major shareholders. As Hoechst, Cassella and Kalle were connected by mutual equity shares and were located close to each other in the Frankfurt area, this allowed them to cooperate more successfully than the Dreibund, although they also did not rationalize or consolidate their production facilities.[28]. IG Farben tenía gerentes en su comité director. (The two other industrialist trials were the Flick Trial and the Krupp Trial.). [33], Throughout the 1930s the company underwent a process of Aryanization, and by 1938 Jewish employees had been dismissed and the Jews on the board had resigned. Once Hitler officially came to power, they agreed on … Volume X: The I.G. War crimes and crimes against humanity through participation in the, Membership in a criminal organization, the. Il a eu lieu du 27 août 1947 au 30 juin 1948. Although there was some cooperation between the technical staff in production and accounting, there was little cooperation between the firms in other areas. The firm manufactured large quantities of Zyklon-B gas used by the Nazis to kill millions of Jews at extermination camps during the Holocaust. The pesticide Zyklon B, for which IG Farben held the patent, was manufactured by Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), which IG Farben had 42.2 percent (in shares) of and which had IG managers in its Managing Committee. Otto Bayer discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethane in 1937,[5] and three company scientists became Nobel laureates: Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius in 1931 "for their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods",[6] and Gerhard Domagk in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil". [5] Several IG Farben scientists were awarded a Nobel Prize. Farben at Nuremberg", "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. Joined supervisory boards of Süddeutsche Kalkstickstoff-Werke AG Trostberg and Rheinauer Holzhydrolyse-GmbH, Mannheim. 's immense productive facilities, its far-reaching research, varied technical expertise and overall concentration of economic power, Germany would not have been in a position to start its aggressive war in September 1939. After the Nuremberg trials, companies like BASF and Bayer were formed from the splintered monolith. 10, October 1946 – April 1949", "Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals. IG Farben-made Zyklon B poison gas canisters were thrown into the shower chambers. Hayes writes that the inmates of Auschwitz III, which supplied the slave labour for IG Farben, were well aware of the gas chambers, in part because of the stench from the Auschwitz II crematoria, and in part because IG Farben supervisors in the camp spoke about the gassings, including using the threat of them to make the inmates work harder. Farben Leverkusen and sold from the Bayer sales office through Degesch, an independent license holder. Farben (Excerpt from “I.G. IG Farben scientists made fundamental contributions to all areas of chemistry. The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al. The idea was that the inmates would be shaved and showered while their clothes were being fumigated. [59], Mann, Hörlein and Wuster (directors of both IG Farben and Degesch) were acquitted at the IG Farben trial in 1948 of having supplied Zyklon B for the purpose of mass extermination. [1] IG Farben also developed processes for synthesizing gasoline and rubber from coal, and thereby contributed much to Germany's ability to wage a war despite having been cut off from all major oil fields. IG Farben has been described as "the most notorious German industrial concern during the Third Reich". [8] The company ended up being the "largest single contribution" to the successful Nazi election campaign of 1933;[32] there is also evidence of "secret contributions" to the party in 1931 and 1932. IG Farben manufactured the poisonous Zyklon-B chemical which was used in the gas chambers. It had been continually criticized over the years for failing to pay compensation to the former labourers; its stated reason for its continued existence after 1952 was to administer its claims and pay its debts. Of course all of the Farben people knew what was going on. [1] The supervisory board members became widely known as, and were said to call themselves jokingly, the "Council of Gods" (Rat der Götter). In the United Kingdom Brunner Mond, Nobel Industries, United Alkali Company and British Dyestuffs merged to form Imperial Chemical Industries in September 1926. All defendants were indicted on counts 1, 2, 3, and 5. According to the historian Peter Hayes, "the killings were an open secret within Farben, and people worked at not reflecting upon what they knew."[39]. [43], Staff of the Bayer group at IG Farben conducted medical experiments on concentration-camp inmates at Auschwitz and at the Mauthausen concentration camp. [9] Described as "the most notorious German industrial concern during the Third Reich"[10] in the 1940s the company relied on slave labour from concentration camps, including 30,000 from Auschwitz,[11] and was involved in medical experiments on inmates at both Auschwitz and the Mauthausen concentration camp. The Nazi chemicals giant IG Farben used forced labor and made poison gas. In 2004 the University of Frankfurt, housed in the former IG Farben head office, set up a permanent exhibition on campus, the Norbert Wollheim memorial, for the slave labourers and those killed by Zyklon B. Disregard of basic human rights did not deter these defendants. [58] Charles Coward, a British POW who had been held at Auschwitz III, told the IG Farben trial: The population at Auschwitz was fully aware that people were being gassed and burned. The four largest quickly bought the smaller ones. [citation needed], In 2001 IG Farben announced that it would formally wind up its affairs in 2003. In June 1941, at the height of World War II, the German chemical giant IG Farben launched a factory to make synthetic rubber, a vital material for military purposes, at Monowitz, an Auschwitz satellite. manufactured the Zyklon-B used to murder over 6 million Jews, Poles, Gypsies, homosexuals and Russians in the concentration camp GAS CHAMBERS—they were carrying out Pilgrims Society depopulation. The manpower was thousands of forced laborers, most of them Jews, who suffered from hunger and cold and died from the harsh working conditions. It includes other Farben Vorstand plant-managers and embraces all who knowingly participated in the shaping of the corporate policy.[3][4]. 9". [46] A Bayer employee wrote to Rudolf Höss, the Auschwitz commandant: "The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition. The tribunal concluded that the defendants could be held responsible only for this one case. [a] These companies continued to operate as an informal cartel and played a major role in the West German Wirtschaftswunder. Interessengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG (German for ''Dye industry syndicate corporation''), commonly known as IG Farben, was a German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate. The Sales Combines are also requested to see to it that their agents are adequately supplied with National Socialist literature. 9, "Seizure of Property owned by I.G. Resumed his position at Bayer. The remaining few left in 1938 after Hermann Göring issued a decree, as part of the Nazis' Four Year Plan (announced in 1936), that the German government would make foreign exchange available to German firms to fund construction or purchases overseas only if certain conditions were met, which included making sure the company employed no Jews.[9]. In France Établissements Poulenc Frères and Société Chimique des Usines du Rhône merged to form Rhône-Poulenc in 1928. [35] In February 1941 Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler signed an order[36] supporting the construction of an IG Farben Buna-N (synthetic rubber) plant—known as Monowitz Buna Werke (or Buna)—near the Monowitz concentration camp, part of the Auschwitz concentration camp complex in German-occupied Poland. [62] As the Red Army approached Auschwitz in January 1945 to liberate it, IG Farben reportedly destroyed the company's records inside the camp,[63] and in the spring of 1945, the company burned and shredded 15 tons of paperwork in Frankfurt. The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al., also known as the IG Farben Trial, was the sixth of the twelve trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany (Nuremberg) after the end of World War II. "[40] The company placed its resources, technical capabilities and overseas contacts at the German government's disposal. The pesticide Zyklon B, for which IG Farben held the patent, was manufactured by Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), which IG Farben owned 42.2 percent of (in shares) and which had IG Farben managers in its Managing Committee. II, which was in charge of the, 7 years, including time already served; died 1967. The company had been a major factor already in World War I, when their development of the Haber–Bosch process for nitrogen fixation compensated for Germany's being cut off from the Chilean nitrate trade and allowed IG Farben to produce synthetic nitrate and extract and process nitrogen for use in agricultural fertilizer. 9" (PDF). The firm's factories included a synthetic rubber plant at the Auschwitz concentration camp where 30,000 people worked until they died or were deemed unfit and sent to the gas chambers. Ein weiterer Produzent war Sufomi in Frankreich. Died 1968. Zyklon B wurde von den Dessauer Werken für Zucker und chemische Industrie (kurz: Fine) und den Kaliwerken Kolin für die Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung m.b.H.) (Case VI)", "The Devil's Chemists on Trial: The American Prosecution of I.G. O pesticida Zyklon B, para o qual a IG Farben detinha a patente e que era usado nas câmaras de gás para o assassínio massivo, era fabricado pela Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), uma empresa detida pela IG Farben. Peter Hayes writes that the board did not meet after 1940, and that although Mann "continued to review the monthly sales figures for Degesch, he could not necessarily have inferred from them the uses to which the Auschwitz camp was putting the product". [86] Its stock (denominated in Reichsmarks) traded on German markets until early 2012. Farben. Agen saraf Sarin mula-mula ditemui oleh IG Farben. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. [citation needed], Although IG Farben was officially put into liquidation in 1952, this did not end the company's legal existence. The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal VI, were Curtis Grover Shake (presiding judge), former Chief Judge of the Indiana Supreme Court; James Morris from North Dakota; Paul M. Hebert, dean of the Law School of Louisiana State University; and Clarence F. Merrell, a lawyer from Indiana, and friend of Judge Shake, as an alternate judge. [37] One of IG Farben's subsidiaries supplied the poison gas, Zyklon B, that killed over one million people in gas chambers.