The most popular of the pro-Commune newspapers was Le Cri du Peuple, published by Jules Valles, which was published from 22 February until 23 May. Manipulés par les Prussiens et démoralisés par l’inaction, les Parisiens ne tentent que quelques sorties contre les Prussiens, qui se solderont par des échecs et de lourdes pertes humaines. Tombs, Robert, "How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? Après le 4 septembre 1870, le gouvernement de la Défense nationale arme les fortifications avec tous les moyens disponibles. "[13] A coup was attempted in early 1870, but tensions eased significantly after the plebiscite in May. The atmosphere was tense, and in the middle of the afternoon, gunfire broke out between the two sides; each side blamed the other for firing first. I am quite upset, or rather out of heart. Clemenceau tried to negotiate a compromise between the Commune and the government, but neither side trusted him; he was considered extremely radical by the provincial deputies of rural France, but too moderate by the leaders of the Commune. 1262 – Rapport d'information de M. Bernard Accoyer fait au nom de la mission d'information sur les questions mémorielles", "Marx as Flawed, Manic, and One of Us: a Review of Marx Returns", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwxZGL4_nto, Collection de caricatures et de charges pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre et de la révolution de 1870-1871, Paris Commune Archive at Anarchist Archive, The Paris Commune and Marx' Theory of Revolution, Association Les Amis de la Commune de Paris (1871), Documentary (in French): Commune de Paris (LA), Provisional Government of the French Republic, Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks (Third Russian Revolution), Anarchist-related territories and autonomous zones, Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities, From each according to his ability, to each according to his need, Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks, From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs, List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation, Crimes against humanity under communist regimes, International League of Peoples' Struggle, International League of Religious Socialists, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&oldid=1005406923, States and territories established in 1871, States and territories disestablished in 1871, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012, Articles needing additional references from March 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles containing Spanish-language text, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, On paper, 200,000; in reality, probably between 25,000 and 50,000 actual combatants, 877 killed, 6,454 wounded, and 183 missing. Thiers refused the proposal. A Revision". Several vignettes show balloons, including "le Richard Wallace" at battle sites. Le rythme aurait atteint un obus toutes les 2 minutes. It was voted on 12 April by the executive committee of the Commune, which declared that the column was "a monument of barbarism" and a "symbol of brute force and false pride." The publications La Commune, La Justice and Valles' Le Cri du Peuple feared that a more authoritarian government would destroy the kind of social republic they wanted to achieve. For seventy days the people of Paris live their lives peacefully and inventively under the governance of a Commune. Premiers contacts : l'« entrevue de Ferrières », Trochu dira publiquement le 2 juin 1871 devant l', « L'esprit public était monté au comble de l'excitation et croyez bien que si, à ce moment-là, le gouvernement se fût avisé de dire qu'il allait faire la paix et qu'il voulait la paix, il aurait été emporté en une heure ». ». Dans la zone militaire les maisons avaient été rasées, des barricades avaient été élevées, des casemates blindées avaient été creusées. A red flag was hoisted over the building.[36]. Ce double événement montre déjà un probable double-jeu de la part du gouvernement. The first was that the Communards "stopped half way ... led astray by dreams of ... establishing a higher [capitalist] justice in the country ... such institutions as the banks, for example, were not taken over". At 6:00 in the evening, the army used cannon to demolish the gates and the First Regiment of naval infantry stormed into the cemetery. In Paris, however, the republican candidates dominated, winning 234,000 votes against 77,000 for the Bonapartists. On 2 September 1870, France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War, and Emperor Napoleon III was captured. As he put it , "the exile of so many extremists enabled the new Republic to [...] develop in a peaceful and orderly fashion. General Cissey resumed the intense bombardment of the fort. Delescluze offered Wroblewski the command of the Commune forces, which he declined, saying that he preferred to fight as a private soldier. Some Communards wanted to appropriate the bank's reserves to fund social projects, but Jourde resisted, explaining that without the gold reserves the currency would collapse and all the money of the Commune would be worthless. At about seven in the evening, the commander of the garrison, Jules Bergeret, gave the order to burn the palace. This was defeated by a strike organised by the International. On 31 October, the leaders of the main revolutionary groups in Paris, including Blanqui, Félix Pyat and Louis Charles Delescluze, called new demonstrations at the Hotel de Ville against General Trochu and the government. [3] The issue of casualties during the Bloody Week arose at a National Assembly hearing on 28 August 1871, when Marshal MacMahon testified. The National Guard had hundreds of cannons and thousands of rifles in its arsenal, but only half of the cannons and two-thirds of the rifles were ever used. They advanced on the morning of 3 April—without cavalry to protect the flanks, without artillery, without stores of food and ammunition, and without ambulances—confident of rapid success. The Assembly also refused to prolong the moratorium on debt collections imposed during the war; and suspended two radical newspapers, Le Cri du Peuple of Jules Valles and Le Mot d'Ordre of Henri Rochefort, which further inflamed Parisian radical opinion. [89], On 28 May, the regular army captured the last remaining positions of the Commune, which offered little resistance. [41] All were men; women were not allowed to vote. An ardent republican and fierce disciplinarian, he had helped suppress the armed uprising of June 1848 against the Second Republic. He used the famous term later taken up by Lenin and the Bolsheviks: the Commune was, he said, the first "dictatorship of the proletariat", a state run by workers and in the interests of workers. Colonel Megy gave the order, and during the night of 29–30 April, most of the soldiers evacuated the fort and returned to Paris. Un ouvrage illustré faisant une synthèse chronologique des événements du siège. In October, he had called for a new column, made of melted-down German cannons, "the column of peoples, the column of Germany and France, forever federated." [82], As the army continued its methodical advance, the summary executions of captured Communard soldiers by the army continued. As for the reforms initiated by the Commune, such as the re-opening of workplaces as co-operatives, anarchists could see their ideas of associated labour beginning to be realised...Moreover, the Commune's ideas on federation obviously reflected the influence of Proudhon on French radical ideas. L… In fact the army had re-occupied the abandoned forts on 28 March. At the same time Cissey sent a message to Colonel Megy, with the permission of Marshal MacMahon, offering to spare the lives of the fort's defenders, and let them return to Paris with their belongings and weapons, if they surrendered the fort. Lenin, like Marx, considered the Commune a living example of the "dictatorship of the proletariat". Les habitants sont privés de bois et charbon, et sans gaz, les rues sont plongées dans l'obscurité dès la tombée de la nuit[19]. The working class and immigrants suffered the most from the lack of industrial activity due to the war and the siege; they formed the bedrock of the Commune's popular support. He was deeply offended by the rumours. [34] Between 15 and 24 February, some 500 delegates elected by the National Guard began meeting in Paris. Go and Fight! Empires of Sand by David W. Ball (Bantam Dell, 1999) is a novel in two parts, the first of which is set during the Franco-Prussian war, more particularly the Siege of Paris during the winter of 1870-71. C'est donc dans la précipitation que la ville de Paris est mise en défense. Les effectifs des 266 bataillons de Garde nationale sédentaire atteindront jusqu'à 300 000 hommes hâtivement armés, parisiens (bourgeois et ouvriers) sans discipline, et élisant leurs propres officiers. Early in May, some of the political clubs began to demand the immediate execution of Archbishop Darboy and the other priests in the prison. Dans Choses vues, le 30 décembre 1870, Victor Hugo note : « Ce n’est même plus du cheval que nous mangeons. There was no co-ordination or central direction on the Commune side; each neighborhood fought on its own. It also reached a consensus on certain policies that tended towards a progressive, secular, and highly democratic social democracy. "[100], Between 1878 and 1880, a French historian and member of the Académie française, Maxime Du Camp, wrote Les Convulsions de Paris. General Trochu received reports from the prefect of Paris that agitation against the government and military leaders was increasing in the political clubs and in the National Guard of the working-class neighbourhoods of Belleville, La Chapelle, Montmartre, and Gros-Caillou. The Paris Commune (French: Commune de Paris, pronounced [kɔmyn də paʁi]) was a radical socialist, disestablishmentarian, and revolutionary government that ruled Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871. [16], The largest armed force in Paris was the Garde Nationale, or National Guard, numbering about 300,000 men. Commune de Paris 1871, label créatif fondé en 2009, conçoit et produit des articles chics pour hommes, des accessoires, objets décoratifs et autres curiosités. The ministers and officials of the Bolshevik government were given the title Commissar, which was borrowed directly from the Commissaires of the Commune. Ces fortifications sont sans armement ni entretien en 1870, elles ne servent plus que de ligne d'octroi. Marx and Engels, Bakunin, and later Lenin, tried to draw major theoretical lessons (in particular as regards the "dictatorship of the proletariat" and the "withering away of the state") from the limited experience of the Commune. Le général Jules Trochu, gouverneur de Paris, en est porté à la présidence et donne la caution de l'armée au mouvement par lequel les républicains bourgeois prennent de court les révolutionnaires (les rouges). Am 4. Those arrested included General Edmond-Charles de Martimprey, the governor of the Invalides, alleged to have caused the assassination of revolutionaries in December 1851—as well as more recent commanders of the National Guard, including Gustave Cluseret. The walls, floors, curtains and woodwork were soaked with oil and turpentine, and barrels of gunpowder were placed at the foot of the grand staircase and in the courtyard, then the fires were set. Clemenceau, a friend of several revolutionaries, tried to negotiate a compromise; some cannons would remain in Paris and the rest go to the army. 1870-1871: Franco-Prussian war. "[111] George Woodcock manifests that "a notable contribution to the activities of the Commune and particularly to the organization of public services was made by members of various anarchist factions, including the mutualists Courbet, Longuet, and Vermorel, the libertarian collectivists Varlin, Malon, and Lefrangais, and the bakuninists Elie and Elisée Reclus and Louise Michel. However, this page is dedicated to the 1871 historical period Commune de Paris, hereafter called Commune for the sake of simplicity. "[5], French writers and artists had strong views about the Commune. ), 1871: falons pour une histoire de la Commune de Paris (Paris, 1973), pp. The abandonment of the fort led the Commune to dismiss Rossel, and replace him with Delescluze, a fervent Communard but a journalist with no military experience.[67]. Those convicted by the jury would become "hostages of the people of Paris." The only communication with the outside world was by balloon, carrier pigeon, or letters packed in iron balls floated down the Seine. On the morning of 22 May, bells rang around the city, and Delescluze, as delegate for war of the Commune, issued a proclamation, posted all over Paris: In the name of this glorious France, mother of all the popular revolutions, permanent home of the ideas of justice and solidarity which should be and will be the laws of the world, march at the enemy, and may your revolutionary energy show him that someone can sell Paris, but no one can give it up, or conquer it! Prisoners of war would be brought before a jury, which would decide if they would be released or held as hostages. [106] On the other hand, he was critical of the Commune but sympathetic to the Communards. These included: The decrees separated the church from the state, appropriated all church property to public property, and excluded the practice of religion from schools. At about 5:30 on 18 March, the angry crowd of national guardsmen and deserters from Lecomte's regiment at Rue des Rosiers seized Clément-Thomas, beat him with rifle butts, pushed him into the garden, and shot him repeatedly. [52] The Russian Anne Jaclard, who declined to marry Dostoyevsky and finally became the wife of Blanquist activist Victor Jaclard, founded the newspaper Paris Commune with André Léo. Tensions escalated: Internationalists elected a new committee and put forth a more radical programme, the authorities imprisoned their leaders, and a more revolutionary perspective was taken to the International's 1868 Brussels Congress. In theory, the churches were allowed to continue their religious activity only if they kept their doors open for public political meetings during the evenings. They were also unaware that Marshal Patrice MacMahon, the future commander of the forces against the Commune, had just arrived at his home in Paris, having just been released from imprisonment in Germany. By order of the Government of National Defense, the Breton Mobile Guard, which was defending the Hôtel de Ville, opens fire on the demonstrators. Jourde first obtained a loan from the Rothschild Bank, then paid the bills from the city account, which was soon exhausted. The Commune adopted the discarded French Republican Calendar[45] during its brief existence and used the socialist red flag rather than the republican tricolor. When he came back to Paris, he was given the rank of colonel by the Central Committee of the National Guard, and the command of Fort Issy on 13 April. The people of Paris patriotically resisted, and Thiers, and those few Prussian collaborators then remaining in Paris, fled to Versailles. Semaine sanglante (Bloody Week) was the final assault by the French Armed Forces that ended the Paris Commune. The editors wrote, "We are against the National Assembly, but we are not for the Commune. De Commune van Parijs was een revolutionaire regering die heerste over de stad Parijs van 18 maart 1871 totdat ze bloedig werd neergeslagen op 28 mei van datzelfde jaar. De cette façon, avec 160 000 à 180 000 soldats au maximum, le général Moltke, certain que le commandement français de Paris n'oserait pas risquer des attaques persistantes au même endroit, dans la crainte d'une capitulation en rase campagne, put encercler une ville de 2 000 000 d'habitants défendue par 400 000 hommes, dont 150 000 pouvaient agir au même endroit. A few minutes later, they did the same to General Lecomte. The rest of the Louvre was saved by the efforts of the museum curators and fire brigades. Le Second Empireest terminé. [78] Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray, later a lover of Eleanor Marx, asserted that many of the fires were caused by artillery from the French army, and that women in the Commune were wrongly blamed for arson. Dombrowski held this position until 23 May, when he was killed while defending the city barricades.[66]. The new system had one important weakness: the National Guard now had two different commanders. In October 1871 a commission of the National Assembly reviewed the sentences; 310 of those convicted were pardoned, 286 had their sentences reduced, and 1,295 commuted. [23], The national government in Bordeaux called for national elections at the end of January, held just ten days later on 8 February. The regular French Army in Paris, under General Trochu's command, had only 50,000 professional soldiers of the line; the majority of the French first-line soldiers were prisoners of war, or trapped in Metz, surrounded by Germans. Le siège de Paris est un épisode de la guerre franco-allemande de 1870. Le 31 octobre et le 22 janvier de grandes manifestations éclatent demandant la Commune et la sortie en masse. They advocated the abolition of prostitution (obtaining the closing of the maisons de tolérance, or legal brothels). They’ve been searching for firemen as far away as Brussels." [8] Many of the Commune's reforms, such as universal suffrage and secular schools, were re-introduced by progessive regimes in the twentieth century. In the years of the Soviet Union, the spaceflight Voskhod 1 carried part of a Communard banner. Vinoy urged that they wait until Germany had released the French prisoners of war, and the army returned to full strength. Six demonstrators were killed, and the army cleared the square. The reserves were guarded by 500 national guardsmen who were themselves Bank of France employees. Despite the moderate reformism of the Commune council, the composition of the Commune as a whole was much more revolutionary. [81], The battles resumed at daylight on 24 May, under a sky black with smoke from the burning palaces and ministries. At the same time, these local assemblies pursued their own goals, usually under the direction of local workers. The regulars were thus supported by around 5,000 firemen, 3,000 gendarmes, and 15,000 sailors. On the afternoon of 18 March, following the government's failed attempt to seize the cannons at Montmartre, the Central Committee of the National Guard ordered the three battalions to seize the Hôtel de Ville, where they believed the government was located. He reported to the Government that there was no alternative to negotiating an armistice. How fast and the Paris Commune has been interpreted for the 21st century. [73], Despite the appeals, only fifteen to twenty thousand persons, including many women and children, responded. [9], Of the two million people in Paris in 1869, according to the official census, there were about 500,000 industrial workers, or fifteen per cent of all the industrial workers in France, plus another 300,000–400,000 workers in other enterprises. The Sacré Coeur Basilica was subsequently built as an act of atonement. At 5:00 in the afternoon, the National Guard had captured another important prisoner: General Jacques Leon Clément-Thomas. Soon, the Council of the Commune voted, with strong opposition, for the creation of a Committee of Public Safety, modelled on the eponymous Committee that carried out the Reign of Terror (1793–94). The telegraph line connecting Paris with the rest of France had been cut by the Germans on 27 September. Following the example set by Brunel, guardsmen set fire to dozens of other buildings on Rue Saint-Florentin, Rue de Rivoli, Rue de Bac, Rue de Lille, and other streets. Clavier and Gois took them instead to Rue Haxo.